Diary- and actigraphy-estimated nighttime sleep during the perinatal period: A multimethod study

Accurate estimation of perinatal sleep is important for informing future research and multigenerational health interventions. We compared diary- and actigraphy-estimated sleep parameters during pregnancy and postpartum. We informed our interpretation of these analyses with participants' feedback about these sleep estimation methods. This preregistered study ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UZFRD ) included 92 English-speaking, women-identified birthing parents who completed sleep diaries and wore wrist actigraphs for 7 days during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, 6 weeks postpartum, and 16 weeks postpartum. Sleep parameters included total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep onset latency (SOL), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Multilevel models tested associations between diary and actigraphic sleep over time. Results indicated that diary and actigraphic sleep parameters were significantly associated over time, although actigraphic TST, SE, and SOL tended to be lower-and WASO longer-than diary estimations. WASO estimations were significantly more discrepant during 6 weeks postpartum than during the 3rd trimester or 16 weeks postpartum. Using conventional content analysis, three primary themes emerged from participants' feedback about sleep diaries and wrist actigraphs that enriched our interpretation of multilevel model results: (1) Wearability, (2) Functionality/Ease of Use, and (3) Measurement Accuracy. This study was the first to implement a multimethod design supplemented by qualitative data to investigate not only the association between diary and actigraphic perinatal sleep, but what it is like for birthing parents to engage with these sleep estimation methods. This study has important implications for behavioral medicine research and practice with perinatal populations.