Safe surgical lung biopsy in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease under strict patient selection

Background: Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) is recommended for diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The safety of SLB is controversial, as the reported mortality and mobility vary according to the patient's background. This study aimed to assess SLB safety using eligibility criteria that excluded patients at the risk of postoperative complications, including acute exacerbations.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 94 patients with ILD who underwent SLB at our institution between 2010 and 2021. Two peripheral lung locations were resected using 3-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Complications within 30 and 90 days after surgery were evaluated based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. Preoperative high-resolution computed tomography findings were evaluated according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society, 2018. Patients with a radiological usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, preoperative oxygen dependence, or organ failure incompatible with general anesthesia were excluded from the study.

Results: The median age of the patients was 66 years. The median vital capacity percentage was 81.0%. The following radiological patterns were observed: UIP, 0%; probable UIP, 30%; indeterminate UIP, 14%; and alternative diagnoses, 56%. The median operative time was 45 min. The 30- and 90-day mortality rates were both 0%. One patient (1%) developed an acute exacerbation of ILD on postoperative day 66. Other grade ≥ III complications were observed in 4 cases (4%), 3 of which were associated with air leakage. Home oxygen therapy was not initiated.

Conclusions: By excluding patients with poor SLB indications, our criteria are suggested to be valid for safe SLB.