Comprehensive effects of acetamiprid uptake and translocation from soil on pak choi and lettuce at the environmental level

Acetamiprid (ACE) is widely used in agriculture to control pests. However, its accumulation in soil and subsequent translocation to plants can impact plant growth and development through mechanisms that remain unclear. This study evaluated the comprehensive effects of residual ACE from soil on cultivated pak choi and lettuce at environmental levels. Results showed that more than 90 % of ACE residues in the soils dissipated within 14 days. The average root concentration factor (RCF) values of pak choi and lettuce were 1.442 and 0.318, respectively, while the average translocation factor (TF) values were 2.145 for pak choi and 5.346 for lettuce. Seedling height increased by 6.32 % in pak choi but decreased by 8.54 % in lettuce. Furthermore, chlorophyll content decreased by 14.6 % in pak choi and increased by 23.7 % in lettuce. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed significant disturbances in carbohydrates, amino acids, and secondary metabolite levels. Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis revealed the down-regulation of amino acid metabolites in both vegetables, alongside an up-regulation of flavone and flavonol biosynthesis in pak choi. This research enhances the understanding of the effects and underlying metabolic mechanism of ACE on different vegetables.