The potential of bacteriocins and bacteriophages to control bacterial disease of crops with a focus on Xanthomonas spp

Crop production plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security and maintaining economic stability. The presence of bacterial phytopathogens, particularly Xanthomonas species (a key focus of this review), poses significant threats to crops, leading to substantial economic losses. Current control strategies, such as the use of chemicals and antibiotics, face challenges such as environmental impact and the development of antimicrobial resistance. This review discusses the potential of bacteriocins, bacterial-derived proteinaceous antimicrobials and bacteriophages, viruses that target bacteria as sustainable alternatives for effectively managing Xanthomonas diseases. We focus on the diversity of bacteriocins found within xanthomonads by identifying and predicting the structures of candidate bacteriocin genes from publicly available genome sequences using BAGEL4 and AlphaFold. Harnessing the power of bacteriocins and bacteriophages has great potential as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for precision control of Xanthomonas diseases in agriculture. However, realising the full potential of these natural antimicrobials requires continued research, field trials and collaboration among scientists, regulators and farmers. This collective effort is crucial to establishing these alternatives as promising substitutes for traditional disease management methods.