Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) remains a significant concern for patients with cirrhosis. This study aims to reevaluate the trends in both short-term and long-term mortality rates associated with SBP. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using population data obtained from Taiwan's Health and Welfare Data Science Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare. The database, derived from Taiwan's National Health Insurance program, included information from 925 cirrhotic patients discharged after an episode of SBP between January 01, 2014 and December 31, 2015. Each patient's outcomes were tracked for up to 3 years following their initial hospitalization for SBP. The overall mortality rates for cirrhotic patients with SBP at 30 days, 90 days, 1 year, and 3 years were 10.8%, 23.0%, 44.0%, and 60.9%, respectively. Following Cox regression analysis with adjustments for patient age, gender, and underlying medical conditions, the short-term prognostic factors of significance were age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.05, P = .001), concurrent sepsis (HR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.82-4.08, P < .001), and renal function impairment (HR = 3.28, 95% CI = 2.07-5.18, P < .001). Although the 30-day mortality rate for SBP in cirrhotic patients is around 10%, the long-term mortality remains significantly high. Renal function impairment and the presence of concurrent sepsis serve as indicators of poor short-term prognosis in cirrhotic patients with SBP.
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