Bioconversion of aflatoxin-contaminated groundnut press cake by larvae of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens results in a complete mass balance for aflatoxin B1

K Niermans; S P Salari; J Carney; E F Hoek-van den Hil; H J van der Fels-Klerx; J J A van Loon

doi:10.1038/s41538-024-00351-1

Bioconversion of aflatoxin-contaminated groundnut press cake by larvae of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens results in a complete mass balance for aflatoxin B₁

NPJ Sci Food. 2024 Dec 19;8(1):103. doi: 10.1038/s41538-024-00351-1.

Authors

K Niermans^{1

2}, S P Salari³, J Carney^{4

5}, E F Hoek-van den Hil², H J van der Fels-Klerx², J J A van Loon⁶

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
² Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³ InsectoCycle, Bronland 10, 6708 WH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴ Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA, 22101, USA.
⁵ JMC Consulting, Portland, OR, 972229, USA.
⁶ Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands. [email protected].

Abstract

Groundnuts are considered as one of the most important cultivated food crops globally. Groundnuts are used for vegetable oil production, which generate a variety of by-products, such as peanut press cake (PPC). Groundnuts are sensitive to infection by aflatoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxins are highly toxic to both humans and livestock, and contaminated crops containing high aflatoxin concentrations are deemed unsafe for consumption and trade. Innovative aflatoxin management strategies are needed and the insect production sector could be such a solution. Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL) were exposed to a PPC diet naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. After an exposure lasting eleven days, data on larval survival and biomass were collected. The PPC, BSFL and the residual material were analysed by LC-MS/MS to determine the concentration of eight different aflatoxins. A bio-accumulation factor and a molar mass balance were calculated. BSFL survival and biomass were not affected by exposure to the aflatoxin-contaminated PPC diet. The aflatoxins did not accumulate in the insect body, providing a promising outlook for the safety of rearing insects on aflatoxin contaminated PPC with the purpose of using them as food- and/or feed. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was the dominant compound found in PPC. Formation of aflatoxicol, aflatoxin P_1, and aflatoxin M₁ occurred and taking these metabolites into account, a complete molar mass balance, thus full recovery, for AFB₁ was obtained. This differs from previous studies using artificially spiked substrates in which 17-38% was recovered. This calls for additional studies comparing naturally contaminated with artificially spiked feedstuff.