Recurrent pain in older age: A cross-sectional network analysis of biopsychosocial-existential interactions

Objective: Chronic pain is a prevalent condition in older adults, associated with substantial distress. For many older people, chronic pain interferes with their daily life which is reflected in various life domains. This study aimed to investigate whether interactions among self-reported indicators of biological, psychological, social, and existential life domains differ for older adults with no pain, with non-interfering pain, and with interfering pain.

Method: The study was based on the cross-sectional 65+ and Safe Study data (N = 622; age range 64-106 years; 60.6 % women). Network analysis was used to assess the inter-variable associations for older adults reporting no pain, non-interfering pain, and interfering pain separately. Network visualization and centrality tests were performed. Permutation-based analyses were conducted to investigate the connections among variables in three subgroups.

Results: We identified a structural difference between the networks of older adults with no pain and interfering pain, suggesting differences in connectivity among the life domains. The strength centrality metrics showed the central role of presence of meaning in the networks of older adults with no pain and with non-interfering pain, while for older adults with interfering pain, anxiety appeared to be dominant.

Conclusion: The findings illuminated that anxiety regulation and meaning-enhancement are potentially important intervention targets for older adults with recurrent pain. Overall, the study highlighted the value of a holistic biopsychosocial-existential approach for understanding and managing pain in older adults.