Emerging treatment strategies in dry eye disease: Potential of blood-derived approaches and natural plant-based products

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition characterized by chronic inflammation and tear film disruption. It affects millions of people worldwide, causing significant eye discomfort and vision disturbances. Despite its prevalence, DED remains a complex condition that is not yet fully understood. It can arise from various ocular pathologies, including endocrinological disorders such as diabetes and Graves' orbitopathy. Natural products, including plant- and blood-based therapies, have shown promise in alleviating DED symptoms and may represent effective therapeutic approaches. In this study, we review recent research on natural product treatments for DED, focusing on blood-derived therapies (e.g., autologous serum, albumin serum, and allogeneic serum) and plant-based compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA), omega-6 fatty acids (O6FA), antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Additionally, we examine the efficacy, mechanisms of action, and delivery systems of these treatments, highlighting the potential of blood-derived therapies, polyphenols, and flavonoids to improve or treat DED through multiple mechanisms. However, the use of these natural products as instilled drugs is limited by challenges such as solubility, stability, and biological barriers. Finally, we discuss drug delivery systems and structural modifications designed to enhance the therapeutic effects of these treatments, emphasizing their potential in managing DED.