The relationship between locomotion and hindlimb morphology in the leopard (Panthera pardus) using a geometric morphometric approach

Felid bone morphology is highly influenced by factors such as locomotion, body size, and foraging behaviour. Understanding how these factors influence bone morphology is important for interpreting the behaviour and ecology of such species. This study aimed to determine the extent to which Panthera pardus (i.e. leopard) hindlimb morphology differs from that of other Panthera species, particularly Panthera leo (i.e. lion). Landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses were used to compare 27 Panthera femurs in the anterior and posterior views, by the use of principal component analyses. Distinct clusters were found linking the Panthera species for both the anterior and posterior views, inferring a difference in the femur morphology of the species. The Procrustes ANOVA regression further showed a significant difference in the mean shape between the Panthera femurs, for both the anterior and posterior views. A clear relationship was found between femur morphology and body size, with leopards possessing a more gracile and elongated femur to support a smaller body mass and lions possessing a more robust and stunted femur to support a larger body mass. It was found that femur morphology also correlates with locomotive flexibility and hunting success in felids. Leopard femur morphology aids in speed and flexibility during hunting, as well as aids in propulsion that allows for arboreal locomotion. It was ultimately deduced that femur morphology differs between Panthera species, according to their mechanical demands during locomotion.