Coordinated charging of EV fleets in community parking lots to maximize benefits using a three-stage energy management system

Isha Chandra; Navneet Kumar Singh; Paulson Samuel; Mohit Bajaj; Ievgen Zaitsev

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83579-x

Coordinated charging of EV fleets in community parking lots to maximize benefits using a three-stage energy management system

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):32026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83579-x.

Authors

Isha Chandra¹, Navneet Kumar Singh², Paulson Samuel¹, Mohit Bajaj^{3

4

5}, Ievgen Zaitsev^{6

7}

Affiliations

¹ Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, India.
² Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, India. [email protected].
³ Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India. [email protected].
⁴ Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan. [email protected].
⁵ College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, 21448, Saudi Arabia. [email protected].
⁶ Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Beresteyskiy, 56, Kyiv-57, Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine. [email protected].
⁷ Center for Information-Analytical and Technical Support of Nuclear Power Facilities Monitoring, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Palladina Avenue, 34-A, Kyiv, Ukraine. [email protected].

Abstract

The rapid global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates the development of advanced EV charging infrastructure to meet rising energy demands. In particular, community parking lots (CPLs) offer significant opportunities for coordinating EVs' charging. By integrating energy storage systems (ESSs), renewable energy sources (RESs), and building prosumers, substantial reductions in peak load and electricity costs can be achieved, while simultaneously promoting environmental sustainability. This paper presents a novel three-stage real-time Energy Management System (EMS) designed to coordinate EV charging in CPLs, integrating solar photovoltaics, wind energy, ESSs, and building backup units. The proposed EMS operates in three stages: (1) day-ahead scheduling of energy generation and consumption, (2) real-time power management to address deviations between forecasted and actual power generation and demand, and (3) priority-based EV charging, which considers EV state of charge (SOC) and owner preferences. The system is evaluated through MATLAB^® simulations under four different scenarios and based on six performance indices: daily electricity bills, cost savings, self-sufficiency, self-consumption, carbon emissions, and fairness in EV charging. The results demonstrate that the proposed EMS can reduce electricity bills for parking lot operators (PLOs) by up to 45%, with a corresponding decrease in carbon emissions by 40% compared to uncoordinated charging scenarios. Additionally, the EMS improves the self-sufficiency ratio by up to 75% and increases the self-consumption ratio to 85%. The system also ensures fairness in charging, achieving a fairness index of 0.82, thus addressing the needs of both PLOs and EV owners. This research underscores the potential of CPLs to optimize energy use, lower costs, and contribute to broader sustainability goals by integrating renewable energy and intelligent charging strategies.

Keywords: Carbon emissions; Community parking lot (CPL); Cost savings; Day-ahead scheduling; Electric vehicles (EV); Energy management system (EMS); Fairness in charging; Priority-based charging; Renewable energy sources (RES).