Electrochemical optimization of bioelectrochemically improved anaerobic digestion for agricultural digestates' valorisation to biomethane

Bioelectrochemically improved anaerobic digestion (AD-BES) represents an upgrading strategy for existing biogas plants, consisting of the integration of bioelectrodes within the AD reactor. For this study, a series of laboratory-scale AD-BES reactors were operated, valorising agricultural digestates through the production of biogas. The reactors were inoculated and started-up with three different digestates, leading to significant differences in the microbial community developed on the bioelectrodes. After the start-up was completed, the AD-BES were all fed with a unique digestate, to evaluate the stability of the bioelectrodes' biofilm performances against variations of the organic feedstock. In terms of methane (CH₄) production rate, the presence of bioelectrodes allowed between 25 and 82% improvement, compared with control AD reactors. The application of an optimal voltage of 0.3 V resulted in an additional 40% improvement in CH₄ production rate, but only when the biofilm was previously acclimated to the fed digestate. Comprehensive microbial characterization revealed that fed digestate significantly influences the composition and homogenization of microbial communities within AD-BES reactors, with applied voltage showing only a secondary effect. Even when reactors were transitioned to a uniform digestate feeding, resulting in closely similar microbial profiles, variations in CH₄ production persisted, underscoring the lasting impact of initial microbial conditioning. A critical observation was the differentiation in archaeal colonization on bioelectrodes at 0.3 V, the voltage yielding the highest CH₄ conversion. These insights suggest that while the microbial community structure depends on fed digestate, operational efficiency and methanogenic potential are intricately linked to both initial microbial establishment and the specific electrochemical conditions applied to AD-BES reactors.