Multistate kinetics of the syringe-like injection mechanism of Tc toxins

Sci Adv. 2025 Jan 3;11(1):eadr2019. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr2019. Epub 2025 Jan 3.

Abstract

Tc toxins are pore-forming virulence factors of many pathogenic bacteria. Following pH-induced conformational changes, they perforate the target membrane like a syringe to translocate toxic enzymes into a cell. Although this complex transformation has been structurally well studied, the reaction pathway and the resulting temporal evolution have remained elusive. We used an integrated biophysical approach to monitor prepore-to-pore transition and found a reaction time of ~30 hours for a complete transition. We show two asynchronous general steps of the process, shell opening and channel ejection, with the overall reaction pathway being a slow multistep process involving three intermediates. Liposomes, an increasingly high pH, or receptors facilitate shell opening, which is directly correlated with an increased rate of the prepore-to-pore transition. Channel ejection is a near-instantaneous process which occurs with a transition time of <60 milliseconds. Understanding the mechanism of action of Tc toxins and unveiling modulators of the kinetics are key steps toward their application as biomedical devices or biopesticides.

MeSH terms

  • Bacterial Toxins* / chemistry
  • Bacterial Toxins* / metabolism
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Kinetics
  • Liposomes / chemistry

Substances

  • Bacterial Toxins
  • Liposomes