Evaluation of the altered enzymatic and pollen activity in sunflower on application of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles play a significant role in enhancing crop yield and reducing nutrient loss through precise nutrient delivery mechanisms. However, it is imperative to ascertain the specific plant physiology altered by these nanoparticles. This study investigates the effects of green-synthesized nanoparticles, specifically boron nitride and sulphur, on sunflower yield, seed quality, and physiological activities. Conducted over two field experiments in 2019 and 2020, the research assesses the efficacy of these nanoparticles compared to traditional fertilizers. The first experiment revealed that a foliar application of green-synthesized nano boron nitride at 1500 ppm significantly enhanced seed yield (65.45 g in 2019 and 63.27 g in 2020), increased filled seed count, and reduced chaffiness. Additionally, this treatment improved pollen fertility, germination rates, and pollen tube growth compared to higher concentrations and borax treatments. These findings indicate that nano boron nitride enhances esterase activity, contributing to improved reproductive performance in sunflower. The second experiment focused on green-synthesized nano sulphur, comparing foliar application and seed treatment. Results showed that a foliar application at 600 ppm led to increased head diameter, head weight, and 100-seed weight outperforming both seed treatment and chemically synthesized alternatives. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles to enhance sunflower crop characteristics and oil production, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices.