Association of Gingival Thickness With Incisor Morphological Characteristics and Papilla Height: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine possible associations between gingival thickness and other parameters, such as crown length and width, papilla height and patient's age and gender.

Overview: This cross-sectional study included 238 consecutive white Caucasian consecutive patients in all stages of orthodontic treatment (before, in-course, and after orthodontic treatment). Measurements of gingival thickness were carried out at both central mandibular incisors, mid-facially on the buccal aspect of each tooth, and 2 mm apically to the free gingival margin, with an Ultrasound device. Each patient was scanned with an intraoral 3D scanner before gingival thickness evaluation, where papilla height, and central mandibular and maxillary incisor crown length and width were measured.

Conclusions: Significant (positive) association between gingiva thickness and patient's age and gender were found, with thicker gingiva being observed in older individuals and males. However, no significant association were found between gingival thickness and crown length, crown width, or papilla height.

Clinical significance: Variations in soft and hard tissue architecture significantly impact the long-term aesthetic outcomes of periodontal therapy, prosthetic and implant restorations, and root coverage treatments. Accurately assessing gingival biotype phenotype during treatment planning is critical to prevent complications, particularly in aesthetically sensitive areas.