The trajectory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and its dynamic relationship with inhibitory control

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Impaired inhibitory control is observed in the majority of individuals with ADHD. Understanding the relationship between inhibitory control and the developmental trajectory of ADHD is essential for informing clinical prognosis and guiding early interventions.

Methods: We utilized Latent Growth Curve Modeling (LGCM) to map the developmental course of ADHD symptoms using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Concurrently, we examined the longitudinal correlation between inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms at corresponding time points. Additionally, a Bivariate Latent Change Score Model (BLCSM) was employed to investigate the relationship between changes in inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms. We also integrated Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) into the LGCM as predictors to explore the impact of genetic factors associated with inhibitory control and ADHD on the trajectory of ADHD symptoms.

Results: The LGCM analysis demonstrated that baseline inhibitory control influenced both the initial state and the rate of change of ADHD symptoms. Inhibitory control exhibited both concurrent and prospective associations with ADHD symptoms. Notably, the BLCSM revealed that changes in inhibitory control could predict future changes in ADHD symptoms, and vice versa. Dynamic changes in inhibitory control were found to affect future changes in ADHD symptoms. Additionally, the PRS for inhibitory control and ADHD were significantly linked to the initial state and rate of change of ADHD symptoms.

Conclusions: Our findings underscore a sustained correlation between inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms, highlighting the critical association between inhibitory control and the developmental trajectory of ADHD in children. Furthermore, the predictive value of inhibitory control for ADHD suggests a new avenue for early intervention, potentially improving the prognosis for ADHD patients.