Neuromodulation in chronic pain management: addressing persistent doubts in spinal cord stimulation

Affiliations

• ¹ Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Foundation G. Giglio Cefalù, Palermo, Italy.
• ² Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK.
• ³ Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy. [email protected].
• ⁴ Pain Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. [email protected].
• ⁵ Division of Chronic Pain, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
• ⁷ Department of Pain Management, AO "Ospedale Dei Colli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
• ⁸ Carolinas Pain Institute, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
• ⁹ electroCore, Rockaway, NJ, USA.
• ¹⁰ National Spine and Pain Centers, Rockville, MD, USA.