Insights into the photocatalytic removal of malachite green organic pollutant by highly efficient hard responsive Ba1 - xCoxDyyFe12-yO19 catalysts

Himanshi; Basant Lal; Ankit Verma; Suman; Jahangeer Ahmed; Arunima Singh; Chan Choon Kit; Rohit Jasrotia; Natrayan Lakshmaiya; Varun Mehra; Abhishek Kandwal

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84251-0

Insights into the photocatalytic removal of malachite green organic pollutant by highly efficient hard responsive Ba_{1 - x}Co_xDy_yFe_12-yO₁₉ catalysts

Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 7;15(1):1225. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84251-0.

Authors

Himanshi¹, Basant Lal², Ankit Verma³, Suman⁴, Jahangeer Ahmed⁵, Arunima Singh⁶, Chan Choon Kit⁷, Rohit Jasrotia^{8

9

10

11}, Natrayan Lakshmaiya¹², Varun Mehra¹³, Abhishek Kandwal¹⁴

Affiliations

¹ School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
² Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India.
³ Faculty of Science and Technology, ICFAI University, H.P., India.
⁴ University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India. [email protected].
⁵ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Chemistry at Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
⁷ Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
⁸ School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., 173229, India. [email protected].
⁹ Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. [email protected].
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Graphic Gra (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India. [email protected].
¹¹ Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India. [email protected].
¹² Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
¹³ University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
¹⁴ Department, School of Chips, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Taicang, Suzhou, 215400, China.

Abstract

The widespread discharge of organic dyes into the wastewater from various industrial processes has develop a major environmental apprehension in the modern world. To tackle such environmental issues, we are synthesizing a novel catalyst of composition, Ba_{1 - x}Co_xDy_yFe_12-yO₁₉ (x = y = 0.02-0.06) using sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) for the photocatalytic eradication of malachite green dye (MGD). The fabricated sample show single-phase hexagonal structure. The hexagonal-shaped grains are seen in the field emission spectroscopy (FESEM) visuals of prepared hexaferrites. The oxidation states of every element present in the developed specimens are investigated using the X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer scrutinized. The specific surface area (SSA) of the HF1 sample is 3.523 m²/g, whereas the band gap values of co-doped barium hexaferrites are found within the range of 1.61 to 1.75 eV. The magnetic analysis of developed hexaferrites indicates that increasing the concentration of Dy and Co, raised in the saturation magnetization and declines in coercivity. The conducted photocatalytic evaluations reveal that the removal efficiencies of 89.85%, 91.12%, and 94.36% are obtained for the prepared HF1, HF2, and HF3 hexaferrites after 90 min of natural irradiation. Moreover, the capability for the reusability of the synthesized hexaferrites is assessed over a series of five consecutive experimental cycles. As a result, this research delves at potential applications of co-doped BaFe₁₂O₁₉ hexaferrites in the photocatalytic eradication of MGD for environmental applications.

Keywords: Ba1 − xCoxDyyFe12−yO19; Co and Dy doping; Malachite Green; Photocatalysis; Water Purification.

Grants and funding

RSP2025R391/King Saud University