Leaf senescence characteristics and economic benefits of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation and blended use of polymer-coated and common urea

Water-saving irrigation and the mixed application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and common urea (CU; with a higher nitrogen release rate) have shown promise in improving rice yield with high resource use efficiency. However, the physiological mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unknown. This study involved a field experiment on rice in Jingzhou City, Central China, in 2020 and 2021. Two irrigation regimes were employed [alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and conventional flood irrigation (CI)], with three nitrogen (N) compounding modes [00% CU (N1), 60% CRNF + 40% CU (N2), and 100% CRNF (N3)] with an equal N rate of 240 kg ha^-1. The results indicated a significant interactive effect of watering regimes and N compounding modes on net photosynthetic rate (P _n), leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD values; activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), catalase (CAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT), and nitrate reductase (NR); and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble protein in rice leaves. Compared with N1, N2 and N3 increased the P _n, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content but decreased MDA content in the post-growth (heading and maturity) stages by 8.7%-31.2% under the two irrigation regimes. Compared to CI (traditional irrigation), AWD had higher P _n, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content (increased by 12.1%-38.0%, and lower MDA content (reduced by 13.1%-27.6%) irrespective of N compounding modes. This suggested that AWD combined with N2 and N3 could delay the leaf senescence of rice, thus achieving a larger grain yield. Moreover, AWD significantly decreased water costs (irrigation amount) and labor costs (irrigation frequency), thus increasing total income. N2 decreased fertilizer costs with a higher or comparable total income compared with N3. Therefore, the AWDN2 treatment achieved the highest net income (13,907.1 CNY ha^-1 in 2020 and 14,085.7 CNY ha^-1 in 2021). AWD interacted with 60% CRNF + 40% (N2) to delay leaf senescence by improving photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, osmoregulation, and N assimilation, contributing to high grain yield and net income in rice.