Paederia Foetida Linn (Rubiaceae): Chemical Diversity, Phytopharmacological Potential, Quantitative Analysis and Clinical Approaches

The discovery of novel counteractive pharmaceuticals, which have recently generated much interest, has played a significant role in the development of drugs derived from herbal medicines or botanical sources. Paederia foetida (P. foetida) is one such example of a role in both traditional and traditional medicine. Owing to its popularity in folk medicine, it has been the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies for the last 30 years. They are locally known as "Gandhavadulia" or "GandhaPrasarini" (English name "skunkvine") and belong to the family Rubiaceae. This plant has a broad range of applications in the treatment of several illnesses, including anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitussive, thrombolytic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic, antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, and antidiarrheal effects. Additionally, it contains a variety of phytochemicals, such as asperuloside, paederosidic acid, sitosterols, campesterol, lignans, alkaloids, volatile oils, iridoids, methylindooxy substances, stigmasterol, tannins, triterpenoids, ellagic acid, ursolic acid, epifriedelinol, and phenolic compounds. Recently, mounting data on numerous active ingredients have indicated that they may be beneficial for spermatogenesis, wound healing, inflammatory illnesses, and cancer. This review describes the phytochemistry and mechanisms of action of these pharmacological effects and provides insights into potential pharmacological targets. These results highlight the need for additional studies on this medicinal plant and the investigation of new counteractive medications to determine their mode of action before use in healthcare.