Knowing is Half the Battle: The Factors Leading to Efficient Recruitment of Representative Samples in Schizophrenia Research

Joohyun Yoon; Megan R Mayer; Tala Berro; Stephanie Brazis; Joshua T Kantrowitz

doi:10.1007/s40290-024-00545-8

Knowing is Half the Battle: The Factors Leading to Efficient Recruitment of Representative Samples in Schizophrenia Research

Pharmaceut Med. 2025 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s40290-024-00545-8. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Joohyun Yoon¹, Megan R Mayer², Tala Berro², Stephanie Brazis^{2

3}, Joshua T Kantrowitz^{2

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA. [email protected].
² New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
³ Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴ College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁵ Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.

PMID: 39794624
DOI: 10.1007/s40290-024-00545-8

Abstract

Background and objectives: Drug development in schizophrenia is limited by the differential scaling of the active treatment and placebo arms of a study, such that, as the number of sites increases, the magnitude of placebo response disproportionately increases. The objective of this article was to identify factors conducive to efficient recruitment as a step towards trial designs allowing recruitment of more participants per site, leading to reduced variability, and potentially a smaller placebo effect.

Patients and methods: Using the information of 554 individuals, we calculated the percentage of individuals who were screened, consented, and retained in our research, along with rationale for nonconsent. Independent t tests and Chi-squared tests were performed to compare participant characteristics.

Results: Out of the 273 individuals who were fully screened, 84 did not progress to the consented stage owing to various reasons, leading to a total of 189 individuals who were screened and consented and a total of 365 individuals who were either incompletely screened or not consented into a study. Individuals with an externally validated medical history showed the highest yield in being consented and retained in research as new participants. In particular, chart reviews from clinics were highly efficient (25.8%) in facilitating new participants' enrollment, even when these individuals were not actively/prospectively seeking research. The most common reason for nonconsent was difficulty in telephone or email contact. Consenting and nonconsenting participants were similar in demographics, and recruitment sources only differed in their reported substance use.

Conclusions: Referrals and chart reviews from known clinics were the most efficient method in retaining new participants, highlighting the importance of external validation and communication between research and clinical staff within a system. Consenting participants showed no significant differences from the database as a whole, demonstrating that the study samples were representative. Future studies should aim to confirm the present findings at other academic and commercial research centers.