Prospective Relationships Among Depression and Perceived Opportunity in Juvenile Offenders

Among juveniles in the justice system, depression and perceived opportunity have implications for long-term adjustment. The prospective associations between these two constructs have not yet been examined in this population. We studied the longitudinal association between depression and perceived opportunity in a sample of recently adjudicated juvenile offenders. Juvenile offenders (n = 1,354) completed measures of depression and perceived opportunity shortly after adjudication and then every 6 months thereafter for 3 years (7 time points total). Relative to White juvenile offenders, lower average levels of perceived opportunity were observed among Black, Hispanic, and juveniles of other races/ethnicities. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed that greater depression was associated with lower subsequent perceived opportunity (d = -0.22, p < .001). Higher perceived opportunity did not predict subsequent depression (d = -0.07, p = .208). The nonexperimental design prevented inferences about causal links between depression and perceived opportunity. Results should also be replicated in a recently collected dataset. Findings suggested a scar-like effect, such that depression was unidirectionally and negatively associated with lower future perceived opportunity among juveniles. Future research should investigate if treatment for depression improves juvenile offenders' perceived opportunity.