Predicting the risk of hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the GIVE score

Background: Numerous noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) markers have been reported and validated as effective predictors of hematoma expansion (HE). Our objective was to develop and validate a score based on NCCT markers and clinical characteristics to predict risk of HE in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients.

Methods: We prospectively collected spontaneous ICH patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University to form the development cohort (n = 395) and at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University to establish the validation cohort (n = 139). We adopted a revised HE definition, incorporating the standard definition of HE (> 6 mL or > 33%) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) expansion (any new IVH or IVH expansion ≥ 1 ml). The predictive score was formulated based on the parameter estimates derived from the multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Result: The Glasgow Coma Scale, island sign, ventricular hemorrhage and time elapsed from onset to NCCT scan (GIVE) score was created as a total of individual points (0-6) based on Glasgow Coma Scale (2 points for ≤ 11), island sign (1 point for presence), ventricular hemorrhage (1 point for presence), and time elapsed from onset to NCCT scan (2 points for ≤ 2.5 h). The c statistic was 0.72(95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.78) and 0.73(95% CI, 0.63-0.82) in the development and validation cohorts, respectively.

Conclusion: A six-point scoring algorithm has been developed and validated to assess the risk of HE in patients with ICH. This scoring system facilitates the rapid and accurate identification of patients at increased risk for HE.