The Effects of Gymnastics Programs with Different Cognitive Loads on Working Memory and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Chih-Chien Lin; Shih-Chun Kao; Chiao-Ling Hung; Chia-Liang Tsai; Chung-Ju Huang; Yu-Kai Chang; Tsung-Min Hung

doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000003648

The Effects of Gymnastics Programs with Different Cognitive Loads on Working Memory and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 Jan 16. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003648. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Chih-Chien Lin, Shih-Chun Kao¹, Chiao-Ling Hung², Chia-Liang Tsai³, Chung-Ju Huang⁴, Yu-Kai Chang, Tsung-Min Hung

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
² Department of Athletic, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TAIWAN.
³ Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TAIWAN.
⁴ Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, TAIWAN.

PMID: 39820242
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003648

Abstract

Purpose: This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the effects of gymnastics programs with high versus low cognitive load on children's visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation.

Methods: Eighty-one healthy children aged 7 to 10 from Taipei City were randomly assigned to high cognitive load (HG), low cognitive load (LG), and control (SC) groups. The HG and LG groups underwent an 8-week gymnastics program with different levels of cognitive load, while the SC group participated in a static course. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included VSWM tests and simultaneous monitoring of PFC oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration.

Results: The results showed time-related improvements in response accuracy and d-prime (d') from the pretest to posttest for both the HG and LG groups but not for the SC group. Additionally, the HG group demonstrated higher response accuracy and d' compared to the SC group at the posttest. Although VSWM-related HbO concentration was higher during task conditions requiring higher WM load compared to low WM load, no intervention effect was found. Further correlation analysis controlling for intervention-related fitness changes revealed positive associations between time-related changes in VSWM performance (response accuracy and d') and HbO concentration across all participants, with a similar correlation between response accuracy and HbO remaining specifically in the HG group but not other groups.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that a 8-week gymnastics program can enhance VSWM performance and such cognitive benefits may be maximized by incorporating higher cognitive loads into the intervention. Despite the positive correlations between time-related changes in PFC oxygenation and VSWM performance, the gymnastics programs did not alter task-related PFC oxygenation, suggesting that intervention-induced VSWM improvement may not be solely dependent on changes in task-related PFC oxygenation.