Application of bioelectrical impedance detection techniques: Cells and tissues

Pathological conditions in organisms often arise from various cellular or tissue abnormalities, including dysregulation of cell numbers, infections, aberrant differentiation, and tissue pathologies such as lung tumors and skin tumors. Thus, developing methods for analyzing and identifying these biological abnormalities presents a significant challenge. While traditional bioanalytical methods such as flow cytometry and magnetic resonance imaging are well-established, they suffer from inefficiencies, high costs, complexity, and potential hazards. To address these challenges, bioelectrical impedance detection technology, which leverages the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues to extract relevant biomedical information, has garnered considerable attention in the field of biological detection due to its affordability, convenience, non-invasiveness, and label-free nature. This article first provides a brief introduction to the principles of bioelectrical impedance and related detection techniques, as well as the equivalent circuit models and numerical simulation models developed at the cellular and tissue levels. Next, this article delves into the applications of bioelectrical impedance technology at the cellular level, including recent advancements in cell counting, classification, concentration detection, differentiation, and infection, thereby enriching previous literature reviews from a multicellular perspective. In addition, this article highlights the applications of bioelectrical impedance technology in relevant tissues including muscle, skin, lungs, and so on. Finally, the article explores the future opportunities and challenges of bioelectrical impedance detection and analysis technology, focusing on interdisciplinary research areas and data-driven intelligent analysis, offering researchers broader research directions and perspectives.