Biofouling dynamics and antifouling innovations: Transitioning from traditional biocides to nanotechnological interventions

Biofouling is a common phenomenon caused by waterborne organisms such as bacteria, diatoms, mussels, barnacles, algae, etc., accumulating on the surfaces of engineering structures submerged under water. This leads to corrosion of such surfaces and decreases their moving efficiency. Conventional antifouling agents are synthetic chemicals which are hazardous to non-target species. Further, these agents are mixed with paints, releasing toxins in the water bodies that affect other organisms. Thus, the development of natural alternatives for anti-fouling chemicals is urgently needed. This review examines the development of environmentally friendly antifouling technologies, focusing on the switch from biocidal coatings that leach toxic elements like mercury and copper to sustainable substitutes such as hybrid, biomimetic, and nanotechnology-based antifouling solutions. Research also focuses on increasing antifouling properties and reducing environmental impact by incorporating natural antifouling agents and constructing hybrid coatings that include multiple technologies. The financial effects of implementing these new technologies compared to more conventional approaches highlight the significance of sustainable practices in the maritime industry. This thorough review sheds light on the state of antifouling technology. It recommends future research to maximize ecological compatibility and apply these advancements to broader applications.