370 patients who had carcinoma of the breast with involved axillary lymph-nodes were randomised after total mastectomy and axillary clearance to receive either no additional treatment or melphalan 6 mg/m2 daily for 5 days every 6 weeks for sixteen cycles. There was a trend towards longer relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients treated with melphalan, but this was not significant either in the whole series or in sub-groups according to menopausal status or extent of nodal involvement. In patients receiving melphalan RFS was not significantly affected by either the occurrence of amenorrhoea or the dosage of melphalan received. Overall survival did not differ significantly between the two groups. The results of this trial suggest that there is no place for the use of melphalan as adjuvant therapy in the management of early breast cancer.