Platinum combination chemotherapy will regularly produce a 70% complete response rate in testicular cancer. Many patients failing to achieve complete remission can still be rendered disease-free with surgical resection of residual localized disease. Twenty-one patients underwent resection for residual pulmonary lesions and 41 underwent lymphadenectomy for persistent retroperitoneal disease. There were no characteristic radiographic findings for fibrous tissue versus mature teratoma versus carcinoma. Although elevated HCG or AFP levels indicated the presence of carcinoma, negative HCG and AFP did not rule out such a diagnosis as 12 of 22 resected carcinoma patients were seronegative. Of 35 patients, 31 (89%) with fibrous tissue or mature teratomas and all four patients with immature teratomas have been continuously free of disease with a minimal postoperative follow-up time of six months. However, only two of 22 patients with resected carcinomas have been continuously disease-free. Post-operative chemotherapy for mature teratoma or fibrous tissue is probably not necessary. However, we feel that further aggressive chemotherapy is needed in the resected carcinoma patient with at least two courses of platinum combination chemotherapy. Surgical resection of residual disease following chemotherapy-induced cytoreduction with platinum combination chemotherapy may be therapeutic in some cases and helps to define the optimal subsequent treatment strategy.