Recurrent subluxation of the shoulder is a common condition. In our hospital, 30% of operations for shoulder instability were performed on patients who never had a frank dislocation but presented with symptoms of instability or, occasionally, simply with pain on throwing. The most common physical finding in this group was apprehension on abduction-external rotation. Thirty-four of the 50 shoulders with subluxation showed radiological changes consisting mainly of infraglenoid new bone formation. Six showed fracture of the anterior glenoid margin. Examination under anaesthesia demonstrated the instability on all cases in which it was tested. Thirty-three of the 50 shoulders had Bankart lesions and six had anterior glenoid margin fractures. Thirty-nine shoulders were treated by Putti-Platt repair and 10 had stapling alone. There was a tendency for loss of external rotation in patients with Putti-Platt reinforcement. We conclude that recurrent subluxation of the shoulder is a common injury that can be confirmed by demonstrating subluxation under anaesthesia, and Bankart repair alone is recommended if the athlete is to return to throwing activities.