Eighteen children who have received kidney transplants within the last three years at the Hopital des Enfants Malades in Paris provide material for this survey. We try to find out how these transplants effect the way the children live, and the main psychological problems that they create. This new way of life is characterized by an explosion of vitality, a certain liberation from prior restraint and the possibility of activities which up to then had been difficult or forbidden. However, the necessity for the child to be watched regularly, to attend the hospital for examination, to follow a special diet, to take immunodepressive drugs remind him that he is not cured. Consequences of corticotherapy and the growth retardation remain essential problems for some of them. The child will have to cope with this complex situation which also creates difficulties to acquire independence.