The neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, is a well-characterized component of nervous system morphogenesis and histogenesis. It mediates aggregation of neurons by binding homophilically to N-CAM on apposing cells. Different forms are generated through alternative splicing of one gene and varied amounts of carbohydrate determine binding strength. This review summarizes results of contemporary studies which link N-CAM components with activity involving the maintenance and reorganization of the brain following injury. Current studies which suggest mechanisms of function are also included.