Excess body weight is associated with increased health risk, but there are also risks to health related to weight-control practices. While representative population data are available on the anthropometry of body weight and its sociodemographic correlates in Australia, less is known about the population prevalence and correlates of weight-control behaviours. We examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and low body weight, in the Australian population, using data from studies in which height and weight have been objectively measured; we describe the sociodemographic correlates of overweight and obesity; we outline relevant aspects of Australian health-system and private-sector approaches to body weight control; and we describe the findings of Australian studies of weight-control practices and related beliefs and attitudes. These findings relate mainly to women, particularly younger women, and little is known about the weight-control practices of Australian men. We suggest research which may promote a better understanding of weight-control practices in the Australian population.