Human erythropoietin in concert with intraoperative hemodilution, tumor embolization, and surgical staging was used to manage a red blood cell mass in an anemic Jehovah's Witness patient with a hypervascular meningioma. Erythropoietin (3000 U thrice weekly) and oral iron (1300 mg daily) were given for 1 month prior to surgery, raising the hemoglobin level from 11.8 to 14.1 gm/100 ml. A posterior fossa craniectomy combined with a temporal craniectomy was then performed so that partial petrosectomy, section of the transverse sinus, incision of the tentorium, and exposure of the lesion could be carried out. The first stage of the surgery was terminated immediately prior to tumor mobilization. Isovolemic hemodilution was initiated just before the skin incision. Postoperatively, the hemoglobin concentration dropped to 11.5 gm/100 ml. The erythropoietin dose was doubled and administration of oral iron continued, leading to a hemoglobin level of 14.0 gm/100 ml at 1 month after the first operation. The tumor was embolized using superselective catheterization. The next day, at the second stage of the surgery, the tumor was extirpated, again employing isovolemic hemodilution. By the 4th postoperative day, the hemoglobin level had dropped to 9.4 gm/100 ml. The patient made an uncomplicated recovery. Erythropoietin therapy contributed substantially to the successful outcome of this case. Since erythropoietin has the potential to augment all other forms of autologous banking, its role in elective neurosurgery may become increasingly important in an era of heightened concern about heterologous transfusion.