This study has assessed T cell subsets according to the expression of CD4 and CD8 and the isotype of surface Ig+ (sIg+) B cells and plasma cells in mononuclear cells (MC) isolated from mucosa-associated tissues of rhesus macaques in comparison to lymphoid cells from systemic tissues, i.e., spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). Using enzymatic and/or mechanical dissociation methods, mononuclear cells were isolated from lamina propria (LP) of the small (jejunum and ileum) and large (cecum) intestines, parotid glands (PG), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Approximately equal numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells occurred in mucosa-associated tissues (CD4:CD8 ratios of 0.9-1.2), while slightly higher numbers of CD8+ T cells were seen in spleen and PLN (CD4:CD8 ratios of 0.6-0.9). When the isotypes of sIg+ B cells were assessed in MC isolated from mucosa-associated tissues, the highest frequency of sIgA+ B cells was seen in MLN, which may represent B cells which had recently migrated from IgA inductive sites. However, IgA effector tissues, such as intestinal LP and PG, contained frequencies of sIgA+ B cells lower than those of the MLN. When Ig-producing cells were examined, 50-90% of Ig-secreting cells were of the IgA class. This suggests that sIgA+ B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells at higher rates in the mucosal effector tissues. Plasma cells of IgM isotype were also found in significant numbers in the LP of the intestine and PG, while IgG plasma cells were most prevalent in spleen and PLN. Taken together, mucosa-associated tissues of rhesus macaques are characterized by higher numbers of CD4+ T cells and Ig-secreting plasma cells of IgA and IgM isotypes than those of systemic lymphoid tissues.