Immunolocalization of spectrin, vinculin, talin, desmin and titin was investigated in human sural nerve. No binding for spectrin and titin was seen in any structure of the nerve. Antibody against desmin immunostained sporadic epineurial vessels only. Endoneurial and epineurial vessels were intensely positive for vinculin and talin. We found expression of vinculin and talin at the perineurial cells, using immunocytochemistry and gold immunoelectron microscopy. Since vinculin and talin are known to be involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix transmembrane connections, we propose that they, possibly together with other cytoskeletal proteins, may be implicated in the permeability barrier property of the perineurium. In pathological conditions, perineurium plays an as yet unknown role. Future studies are needed to investigate expression of vinculin and talin in neuropathies.