Retinal transplantation, formerly perceived as unrealistic, has become over the past decade a major clinical and biological undertaking in several laboratories and eye clinics. We describe the insights gained through the pioneering experimental works of Del Cerro et al, Turner et al, Gouras et al, Aramant et al, Lund et al e.g. the survival of transplants, the lack of immune response to photoreceptors, their integration and expression of neuronal markers, but also the dysplastic arrangement into rosettes and the lack of a definitive proof for functionality. Our laboratory has undertaken to establish the trophic and synaptic functions of sheets of photoreceptors transplanted, as described by Silverman et al, in the subretinal space of mutant rd mice carrying a retinal degeneration similar to human retinitis pigmentosa. Clinical applications to this condition as well as in cases of end-stage age related macular degeneration are discussed.