In an area of China, not previously studied in detail concerning cadmium pollution and possible adverse effects on the kidney of exposed populations, concentrations of cadmium in urine as an indicator of renal accumulation of cadmium was studied and related to indicators of renal dysfunction in order to examine if a relationship could be documented. Cadmium concentrations in urine were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and urinary beta-2 microglobulin (UBM) and albumin (UALB) were measured as indicators of renal dysfunction, Rice samples and urine samples were obtained from three areas in Zhejiang province, China, representing a highly exposed area, a medium exposed area and a control area, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in rice were 3.70, 0.51 and 0.072 mg/kg for the heavily, medium polluted areas and the control area, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in urine (geometric means) were 10.7, 1.62 and 0.40 micrograms/l in the high, medium and control areas respectively. There was a clear increase in UBM and UALB in the heavily exposed group in comparison to the control group and a slight increase in the medium exposed group. There was a statistically significant dose-response relationship between cadmium in urine and beta 2-microglobulin excretion in urine, which is similar to what has previously been reported in other countries. The findings constitute the first report concerning a dose-response relationship in this population group in Zhejiang province in China.