The purpose of this paper was to assess several measures of utilisation of prenatal care as predictors of birth outcome in a community where the availability and quality of services were equal for all pregnant women. A case-control study was conducted in a small community in Israel, comparing 189 women whose pregnancy resulted in an unfavourable outcome (perinatal mortality, preterm birth and low birthweight at term) with 384 women, matched by birth order, who had a live, full-term infant weighing 2500 g or more. In a multivariable analysis, adjusting for pregnancy complications, maternal age, parity and socio-economic disadvantage, gestational age at initiation of prenatal care was not an independent predictor of unfavourable outcome; neither was lower than the recommended number of visits for the period under care. However, a higher than expected number of visits was associated with unfavourable outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 6.10, 95% CI 2.09-17.78], as was non-compliance with medical recommendations [OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.24-3.29. The context of prenatal care delivery, as well as the process of care and compliance with recommendations, should be assessed in order to determine the impact of prenatal care on birth outcomes.