One of the most important problems in clinical cardiology is still unresolved, i.e., the development of a restenosis following coronary balloon angioplasty. Our knowledge about the sequelae of pathophysiologic events occurring during neointima formation is still far from complete (Figure 1) and numerous therapeutic trials using systemic administration of drugs with different mechanisms of action have failed. Possible innovative strategies are the local administration of high doses of drugs into the coronary arteries and local gene therapeutic interventions to inhibit neointima formation by reducing the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Numerous catheter devices were developed (Figure 2) in order to enable the local application of high doses of a drug or DNA. Additionally, galenic techniques are being developed to guarantee a steady release of locally administered drugs, e.g. from drug containing liposomes or microcarriers (Figure 3). There are already several animal models in which the development of a neointima was reduced by injecting antisense oligonucleotides directed towards the RNA encoding cell cycle regulatory proteins or peptides. Alternatively, the transfer of cDNA encoding proteins or protein products which inhibit the cellular proliferation and migration are being tested in vitro and in vivo with the help of reporter genes (Figure 4). Although, gene transfer techniques are believed to offer great therapeutic options for the future, the clinical data available today regarding this method are very limited and are derived from studies in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Thus, it is still questionable if gene transfer techniques will ever be able to become an integral part of our standard treatment for patients with vascular diseases.