We have previously shown that lambs delivered by caesarean section 1 week prematurely become hypothermic due to reduced brown adipose tissue function in conjunction with low plasma concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether maternal dexamethasone (a synthetic corticosteroid) administration could improve thermoregulation in premature lambs to the extent that they become similar to term lambs. Lambs were either delivered by caesarean section into a warm (30 degrees C; WD) or cool (15 degrees C; CD) ambient temperature at 140 days of gestation, 2 days after maternal dexamethasone treatment, or at 146 days for controls. During the first 30 min of life the decline in colonic temperature was greater in dexamethasone treated lambs compared with controls delivered into the same ambient temperature. All lambs then restored colonic temperature although this adaptation took longest in dexamethasone treated lambs CD but these subsequently attained highest plateau colonic temperatures. Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency and plasma free fatty acid concentrations were highest in dexamethasone treated lambs CD. There were no differences in plasma thyroid hormones between groups, but cortisol concentrations were lower in dexamethasone treated lambs irrespective of delivery temperature. Analysis of brown adipose tissue samples at 6 h of life demonstrated that dexamethasone treated lambs WD had more uncoupling protein and, in both dexamethasone treated and control lambs, uncoupling protein content was higher in lambs CD compared with those WD. An effect of ambient temperature on thermogenic activity was only observed in the dexamethasone treated group. It is concluded that maternal dexamethasone treatment can significantly improve thermoregulation after birth following premature delivery by caesarean section. As a consequence, dexamethasone treated lambs delivered 1 week prematurely do not remain hypothermic and have higher or similar colonic temperatures compared with untreated lambs born 1-2 days before term.