Mobile Application and Machine Learning-Driven Scheme for Intelligent Diabetes Progression Analysis and Management Using Multiple Risk Factors

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects over 500 million people worldwide, necessitating personalized health management programs for effective long-term control. Among the various biomarkers, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a crucial indicator for monitoring long-term blood glucose levels and assessing diabetes progression. This study introduces an innovative approach to diabetes management by integrating a mobile application and machine learning. We designed and implemented an intelligent application capable of collecting comprehensive data from diabetic patients, creating a novel diabetes dataset named DiabMini with 127 features of 88 instances, including medical information, personal information, and detailed nutrient intake and lifestyle. Leveraging the DiabMini, we focused the analysis on HbA1c dynamics due to their clinical significance in tracking diabetes progression. We developed a stacking model combining eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Extra Trees (ET), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to explore the impact of various influencing factors on HbA1c dynamics, which achieved a classification accuracy of 94.23%. Additionally, we applied SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to visualize the contributions of risk factors to HbA1c dynamics, thus clarifying the differential impacts of these factors on diabetes progression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of integrating mobile health applications with machine learning to enhance personalized diabetes management.