The Effects of White versus Coloured Light in Waiting Rooms on People’s Emotions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Waiting Rooms
2.2. Emotional Response to White Light
2.3. Emotion and Response to Colour Light
2.4. Current Gaps in Knowledge and the Potential Contribution of the Proposed Approach
3. Methodology
3.1. Experimental Setting
3.2. Participants
3.3. Mood Measurements Questionnaire
3.4. Experimental Procedures
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Rating of Pleasure
4.2. Arousal Rating
4.3. Dominance Rating
4.4. Comfort Rating
4.5. Dimensional Model of Emotion Converted to Basic Emotion
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Year | First Author | Sample Size | Exposure Duration | Experiment Conditions | Emotion Effect | Emotion Measurement Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part① illuminance of light | 2006 | Goel [20] | 69 F + 49 M Age = 19.4 ± 1.7 | 15–30 min | 10,000 lx | N↓ | Q |
2008 | Hoffmann [21] | 11 M Mean age = 25 Age range 22–34 | 3 days | 500–1800 lx; 400 lx | Variable light P↑ | Q Urinary test | |
2015 | Leichtfried [22] | 17 F + 16 M Age = 33.0 ± 7.2 | 30 min | 400 lx; 5000 lx | P↑ | Q | |
Part② Correlate colour temperature of light | 2012 | Iwata [27] | 12 F + 7 M Mean age = 21.7 | 240 min | 2800 K; 5200 K | 5200 K P↑ | Q |
2012 | Hidayetoglu [23] | 60 M + 60 F Age range 19–25 | 25 min | 2700 K; 4000 K; 5300 K | 2700 K P↑ | Q | |
2015 | Hsieh [26] | 24 F + 39 M Age range = 18–28 | 60 min | 2700 K; 3000 K; 4000 K 6500 K | 2700 K P↑ | Q | |
2017 | Li [24] | 6 F + 14 M Age = 24.7 ± 1.5 | 13 min | 4000 K; 5000 K; 6500 K | 4000 K P↑ | Q | |
2019 | Burattini [28] | 20 F + 20 M Age = 22.6 ± 1.35 | 15 min | 3000 K; 6800 K | 6800 K P↑ | Q | |
2019 | Li [25] | 16 F + 14 M Age = 25.4 ± 2.9 | 60 min | 40.70 cd/m2. 18.36 chroma. Hue range 0–270°; 0–135°; 135–270°. | 2700 K P↑ | Q |
Factors | Year | First Author | Sample Size | Exposure Duration | Experiment Conditions | Emotion Effect | Emotion Measurement Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colour of light | 2010 | Plitnick, B. [36] | 24, 19–27 | 240 min | Red and blue light | P↑ N↓ | Q EEG ECG |
2011 | Raymann, Roy [37] | 18 F + 19 M Age = 21.3 ± 2.6 | 68 min | Red–green, red–blue, green–blue, and RGB | Blue P↑ | Q | |
2018 | Wilms, Lisa [35] | 49 F + 13 M Age = 23.37 + 6 | 15 min | Blue, green, red, and grey | Red N↑ | Q | |
2014 | Wang [38] | 10 F + 10 M Age = 23.4 + 2.3 | 60 min | 72 hue colours | P↑ | Q |
Light Source Symbol | P [W] | Φ [lm] | Light Colour | Lamp Base | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LED 1 | 10 | 1050 | White (CCT = 6500 K, CRI > 90) | E27 | Osram |
LED 2 | 5 | 470 | White (CCT = 6500 K, CRI > 90) | E14 | Osram |
LED 3 | 10 | 950 | Colour-Tunable (LED RGB) | E27 | Muvit IO |
LED 4 | 5 | 470 | Colour-Tunable (LED RGB) | E14 | Muvit IO |
All Groups | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 17 | 4 | 6 | 7 |
Female | 15 | 7 | 4 | 4 |
Age 18–30 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 3 |
Age 31–40 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Age 41–50 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
Age 51–60 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
Age over 60 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Valence | Arousal | Dominance | |
---|---|---|---|
Anger | −0.43 | 0.67 | 0.34 |
Joy | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.35 |
Surprise | 0.4 | 0.67 | −0.13 |
Disgust | −0.6 | 0.35 | 0.11 |
Fear | −0.64 | 0.6 | −0.43 |
Sadness | −0.63 | −0.27 | −0.33 |
Category of Emotion | All Groups | Male Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White Light | Coloured Light | Difference | White Light | Coloured Light | Difference | |
Surprise | 46.88% | 34.36% | −12.52% | 37.88% | 30.38% | −7.50% |
Disgust | 21.88% | 9.38% | −12.5% | 11.06% | 5.88% | −5.18% |
Joy | 15.63% | 9.38% | −6.25% | 25.53% | 5.88% | −19.65% |
Fear | 0% | 12.5% | 12.5% | 0% | 25.53% | 25.53% |
Anger | 3.11% | 12.5% | 9.39% | 0% | 5.88% | 5.88% |
Sadness | 12.5% | 21.88% | 9.38% | 25.53% | 26.45% | 0.92% |
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Zhang, Z.; Fort Mir, J.M.; Mateu, L.G. The Effects of White versus Coloured Light in Waiting Rooms on People’s Emotions. Buildings 2022, 12, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091356
Zhang Z, Fort Mir JM, Mateu LG. The Effects of White versus Coloured Light in Waiting Rooms on People’s Emotions. Buildings. 2022; 12(9):1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091356
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhihui, Josep Maria Fort Mir, and Lluis Gimenez Mateu. 2022. "The Effects of White versus Coloured Light in Waiting Rooms on People’s Emotions" Buildings 12, no. 9: 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091356