Diabetes Mellitus Aggravates Hemorrhagic Transformation after Ischemic Stroke via Mitochondrial Defects Leading to Endothelial Apoptosis
Figure 3
Effects of chronic high-glucose exposure on mitochondrial function in HBMVECs.
A: Cell proliferation (n = 7). B: ATP contents (n = 10). C: Mitochondrial membrane potential, determined by tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) intensity (n = 10). The scale bar indicates 100 µm. D: reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (n = 10). E: Binding of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an indicator of lipoperoxidation by ROS. F: Enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by gelatin zymography (n = 3). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM (shown as ratio to 5.5 mM). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. 5.5 mM (Dunnet's test). HBMVECs, human brain microvascular endothelial cells.