Information about local knowledge of malaria, its transmission, treatment and prevention were gathered at the outset of a Malaria Control Program in order to incorporate this information into community interventions. Data were collected using focus groups and indepth interviews with caretakers of children who had had a recent episode of malaria. These were supplemented as baseline data through a survey and the ongoing participation of researchers in the intervention. Local knowledge of malaria was influenced by clinical diagnosis and was based on the coexistence of signs of illness. People conventionally self-medicated or used herbs for symptomatic relief prior to seeking clinical diagnosis and treatment, with treatment delay influenced by the logistic difficulties within the region, direct and indirect costs associated with treatment seeking, and delays in the return of results once a blood film for diagnosis was made. People were familiar with mosquito control activities conducted by the Malaria Control Service and, as a result, most respondents associated malaria with mosquitos. However, the role of the mosquito as the sole vector, and the means by which malaria was transmitted, were not well appreciated.