Aim: To determine the diagnostic value of systematic liver needle biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with unexplained chronic anicteric cholestasis.
Methods: Seventy nine patients presented with anicteric cholestasis for over 6 months as defined by: a concomitant increase in at least 2 of 3 cholestatic enzymes (GGT, alkaline phosphatase, 5'nucleotidase); a low cytolytic ratio (ALT/AP (xN/xN) < or = 5); and negative test results (normal ultrasound scan; no antimitochondrial antibodies, viral, drug-induced, or toxic hepatitis, or known ulcerative cholitis). Based on liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, 5 groups were determined; group A: normal liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; group B: primary sclerosing cholangitis with histological biliary lesions; group C: primary sclerosing cholangitis with normal histology; group D: histologic biliary lesions alone; group E: other (aspecific histologic lesions, isolated anomalies of intrahepatic bile ducts on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography).
Results: Diagnosis of cholestasis was fortuitous in 43% of cases. Group A: 5 patients had normal liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; group B (10 patients): 5 with destructive cholangitis, 5 with degenerative cholangitis, associated with portal fibrosis in 90%; group C: none of the patients had primary sclerosing cholangitis with normal histology; group D: 39 patients {idiopathic ductopenia (1), Caroli's disease (1), benign recurrent cholestasis (1), regenerative nodular hyperplasia (4), destructive cholangitis without ductopenia (7), degenerative cholangitis (15), ductular proliferation (10)}; group E: 24 patients with aspecific histologic lesions, and one patient with isolated anomalies of the intrahepatic bile ducts on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.
Conclusions: In the present population: a) 13% presented with intense cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; b) 49% presented with various histologic biliary lesions without primary sclerosing cholangitis. We conclude that in chronic anicteric cholestasis of unexplained origin, first choice work-up should include liver biopsy, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography should only be performed when intense histologic cholangitis is observed.