Hypermethylation of metallothionein-I promoter and suppression of its induction in cell lines overexpressing the large subunit of Ku protein

J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 1;274(40):28584-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.40.28584.

Abstract

We have shown previously that the heavy metal-induced metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene expression is specifically repressed in a rat fibroblast cell line (Ku-80) overexpressing the 80-kDa subunit of Ku autoantigen but not in cell lines overexpressing the 70-kDa subunit or Ku heterodimer. Here, we explored the molecular mechanism of silencing of MT-I gene in Ku-80 cells. Genomic footprinting analysis revealed both basal and heavy metal-inducible binding at specific cis elements in the parental cell line (Rat-1). By contrast, MT-I promoter in Ku-80 cells was refractory to any transactivating factors, implying alteration of chromatin structure. Treatment of two clonal lines of Ku-80 cells with 5-azacytidine, a potent DNA demethylating agent, rendered MT-I gene inducible by heavy metals, suggesting that the gene is methylated in these cells. Bisulfite genomic sequencing revealed that all 21 CpG dinucleotides in MT-I immediate promoter were methylated in Ku-80 cells, whereas only four CpG dinucleotides were methylated in Rat-1 cells. Almost all methylated CpG dinucleotides were demethylated in Ku-80 cells after 5-azacytidine treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes hypermethylation of a specific gene promoter and its resultant silencing in response to overexpression of a cellular protein.

Publication types

  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antigens, Nuclear*
  • Azacitidine / pharmacology
  • Base Sequence
  • Cell Line
  • CpG Islands / genetics
  • DNA
  • DNA Footprinting
  • DNA Helicases*
  • DNA Methylation
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics*
  • Gene Expression / drug effects
  • Gene Silencing
  • Ku Autoantigen
  • Metallothionein / genetics*
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Nuclear Proteins / genetics*
  • Promoter Regions, Genetic*
  • Rats

Substances

  • Antigens, Nuclear
  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • DNA
  • Metallothionein
  • DNA Helicases
  • XRCC5 protein, human
  • Xrcc6 protein, human
  • Xrcc6 protein, rat
  • Ku Autoantigen
  • Azacitidine