Seventy-four patients with a recent initial onset of schizophrenia were studied during an inpatient hospitalization for a recent onset of schizophrenia as well as during a 12-month period of outpatient treatment as part of a large longitudinal study at UCLA. The Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome (PDS; Kirkpatrick, B., Buchanan, R.W., Carpenter, W.T., 1993. Case identification and stability of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 47, 47-56.) was calculated based on psychiatric symptoms rated on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale every 2 weeks throughout the 12 months. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to the schizophrenia patients at the index hospitalization. The 168-item version of the MMPI (MMPI-168) was administered at the baseline point of the 12-month period of outpatient treatment, and again 1 year later. Normal comparison subjects were tested with the MMPI or MMPI-168 at comparable time intervals. The UCLA Social Attainment Scale, a measure of the adequacy of social functioning and relatedness, was examined at the outpatient baseline and 12-month points. During the outpatient period, the Deficit Schizophrenia group (i.e. schizophrenia patients with high 12-month average PDS scores) had lower T-scores than the Non-deficit Schizophrenia group on several MMPI-168 scales, especially scales related to affective distress and anxiety. The MMPI-168 scores of normal subjects were generally the lowest of the three groups, but not always significantly lower than those of the Deficit Schizophrenia group. Social functioning at the end of the 12-month period was worst for the patient group with high deficit (PDS) scores. The findings are congruent with the concept of a Deficit Syndrome for which the PDS is the proxy.