Abstract
Prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) and its metabolites Delta(12)-PGJ(2) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) are naturally occurring derivatives of prostaglandin D(2) that have been suggested to exert antiinflammatory effects in vivo. 15d-PGJ(2) is a high-affinity ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and has been demonstrated to inhibit the induction of inflammatory response genes, including inducible NO synthase and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in a PPARgamma-dependent manner. We report here that 15d-PGJ(2) potently inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent transcription by two additional PPARgamma-independent mechanisms. Several lines of evidence suggest that 15d-PGJ(2) directly inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression through covalent modifications of critical cysteine residues in IkappaB kinase and the DNA-binding domains of NF-kappaB subunits. These mechanisms act in combination to inhibit transactivation of the NF-kappaB target gene cyclooxygenase 2. Direct inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by 15d-PGJ(2) may contribute to negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis and inflammation, suggesting additional approaches to the development of antiinflammatory drugs.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Cell Line
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Cyclooxygenase 2
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Cyclopentanes / pharmacology
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Glutathione Transferase / metabolism
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HeLa Cells
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Humans
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Isoenzymes / genetics*
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Membrane Proteins
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NF-kappa B / metabolism*
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Nitric Oxide Synthase / metabolism*
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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Prostaglandin D2 / analogs & derivatives*
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Prostaglandin D2 / pharmacology
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Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / genetics*
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Prostaglandins A / pharmacology
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Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / genetics
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Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / physiology*
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
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Signal Transduction / drug effects*
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Signal Transduction / physiology
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Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / pharmacology
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Transcription Factors / genetics
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Transcription Factors / physiology*
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Transfection
Substances
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15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2
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Cyclopentanes
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Isoenzymes
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Membrane Proteins
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NF-kappa B
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Prostaglandins A
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Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins
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Transcription Factors
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NOS2 protein, human
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Nitric Oxide Synthase
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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Cyclooxygenase 2
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PTGS2 protein, human
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Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
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Glutathione Transferase
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prostaglandin A2
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Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
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cyclopentenone
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Prostaglandin D2