Background: When acute renal failure (ARF) is severe enough to require dialysis, in-hospital mortality rates approach 60%. These alarming figures have been ascribed in part to advanced age and the high prevalence of comorbid conditions. In the past several years, a number of attempts have been made to investigate the impact of dialyzer membrane type on clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, to date, clinical studies addressing this question have reported conflicting results.
Methods: This crossover study examined the effect of dialyzer membrane type on cytokine synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), superoxide release by neutrophils, and apoptosis or programmed cell death of neutrophils in 24 patients with ARF requiring intermittent hemodialysis. The patients were assigned in an alternate order to a low-flux cellulose acetate (CA) or polysulfone (PS) dialyzer. After three consecutive dialysis sessions, patients were crossed over to the second dialyzer for three additional treatments. These cellular responses were measured upon dialyzer assignment and at the third and sixth dialysis session in relationship to the dialyzer type.
Results: The results of the study showed no impact of dialyzer biocompatibility on synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin 10 (IL-10) by PBMCs, superoxide release by neutrophils, or neutrophil apoptosis. This held true regardless of the initial dialyzer assignment. Furthermore, there was no correlation between dialysis adequacy (measured by single-pool Kt/V) and postdialysis cellular responses.
Conclusions: In summary, this study refines the question of biocompatibility by comparing a substituted cellulose rather than unsubstituted cellulose dialyzer to a PS dialyzer in the setting of ARF. The results failed to demonstrate a dialyzer advantage on the selected cellular responses.