In 1995, Wijffels and Alessie, using a curious goat model of atrial fibrillation, introduced the concept of atrial remodelling. The classical atrial substrate (anatomopathological-dilatation and hypokinesis-, and electrophysiological-short refractory periods and decreased conduction-), appeared not only to be one of the causes of atrial fibrillation but also the consequence of atrial fibrillation itself, the mechanism being a vicious circle. In addition to ventricular rhythmic cardiomyopathy, responsible for cardiac failure, the concept of atrial rhythmic cardiomyopathy with the same mechanical and electrophysiological consequences, has developed. These changes, characterised mainly by calcium overload associated with cellular hibernation and differentiation, have not been totally elucidated but have already renewed the physiopathology of atrial fibrillation.