The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that socially phobic alcoholics treated with Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) will have better drinking outcomes than those treated with Twelve-Step Facilitation therapy (TSF). Three hundred ninety-seven treatment-seeking alcoholics with concurrent social phobia were compared retrospectively to a matched sample of 397 alcoholics without social phobia. Treatment was delivered in an outpatient setting, and patients were randomized to either CBT, TSF, or Motivational Enhancement therapy (MET). The groups were compared on self-reported drinking measures (e.g., quantity and frequency of drinking, and time-to-event measures) during treatment period and monthly for 1 year following treatment. Survival analyses revealed that female outpatients with social phobia showed delayed relapse to drinking when treated with CBT rather than TSF; the reverse was true for female outpatients without social phobia. Survival analyses in male outpatients with and without social phobia revealed an opposite trend, though it was not statistically significant. These data suggest that Cognitive Behavioral therapy is superior to Twelve-Step Facilitation therapy for the treatment of alcohol problems in specific populations. namely socially phobic women seeking outpatient treatment.